Fig. 4: PCA and ADMIXTURE analysis of the Han Chinese populations and East Asians.

a A map of the People’s Republic of China showing its 34 administrative divisions. “NA” indicates that the Han Chinese samples were not recruited from that region. The Qinling-Huaihe River line lies in central China, while the Nanling Mountains are in southern China. b Principal component analysis (PCA) of the Han and Minority Chinese individuals from four sub-regions. The administrative divisions are shown by the distinct letters. Minority individuals are marked with “M”. The Han Chinese populations can be classified into four subgroups: North Han (cyan color), Central Han (dark-red color), South Han (purple color), and Lingnan Han (golden color). c ADMIXTURE analysis of 2056 Han Chinese individuals from 27 administrative divisions for the optimal K value = 3. Each vertical bar represents the average proportion of ancestral components in the regions. The length of each color indicates the percentage of inferred ancestry components from ancestral populations. The upper pie charts denote the average proportion of components across individuals from the four subgroups. d Plots of the first two principal components for modern and ancient East Asian individuals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.