Fig. 5: F_ST, IBD, genetic drift, and effective population size of the Han Chinese populations.

a A heatmap of pairwise F_ST between any two of the 27 administrative divisions in China. The bars on the top and left show the classification of administrative divisions in the four regions. b A heatmap of pairwise IBD segments count between administrative divisions in China. The number of IBD segments is normalized by the sample size of each province. c A maximum-likelihood tree of the Han Chinese in 27 administrative divisions. The plot is rooted in the northernmost province, and the x-axis represents estimated genetic drift. All administrative divisions in the tree are colored by different regions. d Dynamics of effective population sizes of the Han Chinese in four regions. The x-axis means the thousands of years before present. The left panel shows the results on a log-log scale from 1 million to 1000 years ago and the right panel shows the results on a linear scale over the past 20,000 years. e Wilcoxon rank-sum test (two-sided) results for the F_ST (left panel), normalized IBD segments (middle panel), and relative genetic drift (right panel) between pairwise Northern provinces and pairwise Southern provinces. The quartile for corresponding differences between pairwise provinces was plotted. A total of 12 Northern and 9 Southern provinces were included here. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.