Fig. 3: Intermediates detection for photocatalytic NOCM.

a, b In situ DRIFTS spectra for photocatalytic NOCM over Pd₁/TiO₂ (a) and Pd_n/TiO₂ (b). c In situ high-resolution C 1 s XPS spectra of Pd₁/TiO₂ catalyst with different light illumination time in 45 Pa CH₄.