Fig. 3: Evaluating the actuating performance of guanidinium nitrate crystals.
From: Exceptionally high work density of a ferroelectric dynamic organic crystal around room temperature
a A setup used to measure the force generated by GN single crystals upon thermal expansion. b Force measured during phase transition of form I to form II during heating as a function of time (in seconds). c Comparison of thermal expansion of GN to other organic crystals. d Maximum output force versus density of GN and two other thermosalient materials (L-pyroglutamic acid and a DABCO-carbazole cocrystal)5,21,32 co-plotted together with other common actuator classes. e Work capacity versus density of GN co-plotted with the same attributes for other main actuator classes. The opaque bubbles represent the range of performance indices values of a particular material, while the other translucent envelopes group together materials belonging to the same actuator class.
