Fig. 4: IPI549@HMP-induced hypoxia remission for augmented RT.

a Schematic illustration of IPI549@HMP for hypoxia-relieved RT. b Representative ultrasonic image of IPI549@HMP reacted with H₂O₂ (100 μM) of three independent samples from each group. The white arrow points to the generated oxygen bubble. c Time-dependent oxygen production at varied Mn concentrations as detected by a portable dissolved oxygen analyzer (n = 3 independent samples). d Representative DNA damage marker γ-H2AX assays of CT26 tumor cells after varied treatments of three biologically independent samples from each group. e Representative confocal images of CT26 multicellular spheroids (MCSs) treated with varied samples and stained with Calcein AM (green) and PI (red) from three biologically independent samples. f, g Photoacoustic images (f) and corresponding quantification (g) in near-infrared mode (upper) and oxygen saturation mode (below) of tumors at varied time points post IPI549@HMP injection (n = 3 mice). Blue color indicates IPI549@HMP enrichment while red color represents oxygen saturation. h, i Representative HIF-1α immunohistochemical staining of three biologically independent samples from each group (h) and relative quantitative analysis (i) of tumor sections after i.v. injection of IPI549@HMP. The bold lines, upper boundaries and lower boundaries of notches represent the mean, max and min values. Data were expressed as means ± SD (n = 5 images per group). Statistical difference was calculated using two-tailed unpaired student’s t-test. *P < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.