Fig. 8: Comparison of laser-material interaction at high power.
From: The interplay between vapour, liquid, and solid phases in laser powder bed fusion
Composite images of keyhole and plume (a) without and (b) with powder under 3.7 MW cm−2 laser power density (P = 204 W and d = 84 µm). Both cases were qualitatively similar, with a high drill rate resulting in the formation of an unstable keyhole. The penetration depth (c) was consistently lower for the powder case, due to a more dynamic upper keyhole as well as laser-particle interactions. A video with the images used in this figure is available in the supplementary materials.
