Fig. 2: Fungal diversity, similarity, and taxonomic patterns from 3 to 48 months of life, and the corresponding dietary trends.

a Shannon diversity of fungal ITS2 (blue; n = 9547 from 825 children) and bacterial 16S rRNA gene (red; n = 12,616 from 910 children) OTUs clustered at 97% identity and rarefied to 3000 reads/sample. Curves show LOESS fit for the data, and shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals. b Mean Bray–Curtis similarity of the collection of fungal ITS2 (blue; n =  9547 from 825 children) and bacterial 16S rRNA gene (red; n = 12,616 from 910 children) OTUs clustered at 97% identity and rarefied to 3000 reads/sample, between children and within a child. Error bars display the standard error. c Five most abundant overall fungal taxa from 3 to 48 months as detected by analysis of ITS2 OTUs clustered at 99% identity and rarefied to 3000 reads/sample (n = 9547 from 825 children). Curves show LOESS fit for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (blue), Penicillium paneum (pink), Candida albicans (yellow), Candida parapsilosis (green), and Candida zeylanoides (brown). Shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals. d Breastmilk, formula, and/or food consumption status of children by age (n = 12,127 from 845 children). Source data are provided in the Source Data file.