Fig. 1: RDO5 confers quantitative virus resistance.

a A nearly normal distribution of CMV-∆2b accumulation levels in 496 Arabidopsis accessions after ELISA readings at 2 weeks post-infection were log-transformed. b Manhattan plot for GWAS mapping of the quantitative resistance phenotype to CMV-∆2b infection. Five A. thaliana chromosomes were depicted in different colors. The horizontal dash-dot line corresponds to the significance threshold (p = 5.48 × 10⁻⁷). The black tringle above the threshold indicates the most significantly associated locus. c Regional Manhattan plot (from 6745 kb to 6747 kb), structure of RDO5, and positions of T-DNA insertion alleles (rdo5-4 and rdo5-5), CRISPR/Cas9 deletion allele (cr15) and the single base pare deletion in accession An-1. d Western detection of viral coat protein (CP) accumulation in An-1 and two RDO5-complemented lines. Detection of tubulin alpha chain was shown as loading control. e, f ELISA and Western detection (e) of viral CP accumulation with the titer in Col-0 set as 1 and Northern detection (f) of CMV-∆2b genomic RNAs 1-3 (gRNAs), subgenomic RNA4 and vsiRNAs as well as endogenous miRNA 173 (miR173) and trans-acting siRNA 255 (tasi255) in wild-type (Col-0), rdo5 mutants and complemented lines. 25 S rRNA was stained and U6 RNA probed on the same membrane as loading controls. g Ratios of vsiRNAs/gRNAs were calculated from Phosphor-imager readings of Northern hybridization signals in (f) with the ratio in Col-0 set as 1. The experiments in (d) and (f) were repeated three times independently with similar results. Data presented are means ± SEM from three replicates (e) or independent experiments (g), letters indicate significant differences (one-way ANOVA, Duncan, p < 0.05) and black dots represent the individual values. The source data underlying blots in (d), (e) and (f), ELISA data in (e) and ratio data in (g) are provided as a Source Data file.