Fig. 5: Functional spaces for fish and mammals in non-deforested and deforested sites.

Loadings of functional traits on two first axes of principal coordinate analysis for fish (a) and mammals (b). Only significant and most highly correlated quantitative traits with axes are represented with black dotted lines. Qualitative traits are displayed in colour. For each site, the functional space of each community is represented by a convex hull. Convex hulls of each site were superimposed for each category (fish non-deforested, 34 sites; mammals non-deforested, 35 sites; fish deforested, 30 sites; mammals deforested, 39 sites). Blue shade intensity increases with the percentage of superimposed convex hulls from 0% (white) to 100% (dark blue). The Grey dotted line represents global functional space considering all species in both non-deforested and deforested habitats. Species symbol size is proportional to species occurrence percentages. In IUCN lists, DD is Data-Deficient species; LC is Least Concern species, and T is Threatened species. Sites were considered non-deforested for percentage deforestation <0.33% (see methods) within the identified relevant spatial extent (30 km). Silhouettes illustrate functional characteristics of species in each quadrant (a, b), emblematic species only found in non-deforested sites (or rarely occurring in deforested sites for spider monkey) (c, d), and extreme functional strategies (e, f). See Supplementary Data 1 for species occurrences and coordinates in functional spaces. For b, P (Plants in the diet), I (Invertebrates in the diet), V (Vertebrates in the diet), diet (Number of dietary categories), habitat (Number of habitat layers) (Supplementary Table 4).