Fig. 1: Simulation studies comparing the performance of PUMICE to other TWAS methods.

Panels (a, b) illustrates the comparison of PUMICE to other single-tissue TWAS methods for type I error (a) and power (b). Panels (c, d) illustrates the comparison of PUMICE to multi-tissue TWAS method (UTMOST) for type I error (c) and power (d). For UTMOST, we evaluate its performance across different combinations of genetic correlation between causal and correlated tissues (\(\rho\)) and number of correlated tissues (Ncorr). Shadings represent different training sample sizes used to train gene expression prediction models for single-tissue TWAS methods and \(\rho\)/Ncorr combinations for multi-tissue TWAS method.