Fig. 6: Computational drug repurposing predictions for drugs with known indications in 23 traits.

Panels (a–c) illustrates the heatmap of CMap scores derived from different TWAS methods for (a) immune-related traits, (b) COVID-19 traits, and (c) other traits. Due to the large number of trait-drug pairs, we only display text description of one for every three trait-drug pairs in the plot. Numbers in the parentheses are the indices of the displayed trait-drug pairs in the full list (Supplementary Data 16). Panel (d) displays the distribution of CMap scores across 23 traits. Median value is denoted in the parentheses. PUMICE+ achieves the most negative median value of CMap score (−77.99), which shows that it identifies putative target genes that are most consistent with target genes of approved drugs. P-values are based on the comparison between PUMICE+ and other methods using one-sided median test. The label “ns” denotes not significant; * denotes significance at p < 0.05; ** denotes significance at p < 0.01; *** denotes significance at p < 0.001. One-sided P-values are provided in the source data file. Minima and maxima values (excluding outliers) are represented by the lower- and upper-bound of the whiskers. Median value is represented by the bold line in the middle. First and third quartiles are represented by the lower- and upper-bound of the box. Trait abbreviations: ad = Alzheimer’s disease; ast = asthma; bip = bipolar disorder; cad = coronary artery disease; cd = Crohn’s disease; ecz = atopic dermatitis; epl = epilepsy; ibd = inflammatory bowel disease; ldl = low-density lipoprotein level; mi = myocardial infarction; ra = rheumatoid arthritis; scz = schizophrenia; t2d = type 2 diabetes; uc = ulcerative colitis; vit = vitiligo.