Fig. 2: Serum proteins are linked to different stages of AMD.

a Relationship between quintiles of serum CEBPB, CFHR5, and FUT5 levels and AMD outcomes, whereas b highlights the comparison of the top and bottom quintiles of the same proteins to different AMD outcomes. c Venn diagram demonstrating significant enrichment for 12 of the 28 AMD-associated proteins (OR = 9.89, P = 2.1 × 10⁻⁸, two-sided) in the previously described serum protein network module called PM13¹¹. FET is an abbreviation for Fisher exact test. d The Eigenprotein for PM13 was found to be associated with AMD-related outcomes such as nAMD but not GA AMD. Definition of early-stage AMD in a, b, d was according to Holliday et al.²² and the number of patients in each AMD-related group is shown in Supplementary Data 1. The dependent variable is the AMD outcome, while the protein quintiles are predictor variables, and the logistic regression analysis was adjusted for age and sex. The data points in a, d (left panel) represent the predicted mean log odds of the AMD event with the quintiles treated as categorical variables, and the error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The data points in b, d (right panel) are the mean estimate of beta in the logistic regression (logOR) using quintiles as continuous predictor variable and the error bars represent 95% CIs. All highlighted P-values are two-sided. NS denotes not significant (P > 0.05).