Fig. 1: Structural characterizations and theoretical simulations of Co SA-NDGs.

a TEM image of Co SA-NDGs. Inset shows the corresponding curved model. b HRTEM image of Co SA-NDGs. Inset shows the corresponding SAED pattern. c AC HAADF-STEM image of Co SA-NDGs. d N 1 s spectrum of Co SA-NDGs. e C 1 s spectra of Co SA-NDGs and NDGs. f Fourier transform of EXAFS spectra of Co SA-NDGs, Co foil, CoO, and Co3O4 at the Co K-edge. g In situ temperature-dependent TEM images recorded at varying temperature. h Molecular dynamic simulations to reveal the dynamic evolution of Co dimer. The pink, blue, and gray balls refer to Co, N, and C atoms, respectively.