Fig. 2: Electrocatalytic O2 performance and DFT calculations of Co SA-NDGs.

a LSV curves of Co SA-NDGs, NDGs and Pt/C catalysts for ORR. b Comparison of Eonset and jk at 0.85 V (V vs. RHE). c LSV curves of Co SA-NDGs, NDGs, Ir/C and RuO2 for OER. d Arrhenius plots of Co SA-NDGs and NDGs at the overpotential of 350 mV. e Established models of planar Co-N4 site and curved Co-N4 site. f Calculated differential charge density. Yellow and cyan areas represent charge density aggregation and depletion, respectively. g Density of states for planar Co-N4 site and curved Co-N4 site.