Fig. 3: SEM images of TiO2-P25 on the CEL and BPM cross-sections.
From: Design principles for water dissociation catalysts in high-performance bipolar membranes

For spray-coated samples, the approximate loadings are given while for spin-coated samples, the ink concentrations are given. The optimal spin-coated WD catalysts layers are smoother, with more-uniform coverage, but only marginally improved performance.