Fig. 6: Optical pulse generation from a perovskite LED under ultralow voltages.

a Schematic diagram of a simple optical communications setup featuring an NFPI perovskite LED. b Characteristics of the voltage triggers from the pulse generator at a peak voltage of 1.0 V (0.65Eg/q) at 1 MHz and a sampling rate of 10 μs/div, and the corresponding optical pulses (EL output) from the perovskite LEDs. c One of input voltage triggers from the pulse generator at a sampling rate of 40 ns/div, and the corresponding EL output from the perovskite LEDs.