Fig. 6: Al2O3-modified copper substrates improve performance in different classes of electrolytes.
From: Electrical resistance of the current collector controls lithium morphology
a CE of Li | |Cu cells cycled at 1 mA/cm2 in FDMB electrolyte using bare copper and Al2O3-modified copper. b CE of Li | |Cu cells cycled at 2 mA/cm2 in EC/DEC/FEC electrolyte using bare copper and Al2O3-modified copper. c–f Top-view SEM images of 0.5 mAh/cm2 of lithium plated at 2 mA/cm2 in FDMB electrolyte atop bare copper and Al2O3-modified copper at two different magnifications. g–j Top-view SEM images of 0.5 mAh/cm2 of lithium plated at 2 mA/cm2 in EC/DEC/FEC electrolyte atop bare copper and Al2O3-modified copper at two different magnifications. k Normalized discharge capacity of anode-free Cu | |NMC 532 pouch cells cycled at 0.25 mA/cm2 (charge) and 0.5 mA/cm2 (discharge) over the course of 100 cycles, with initial discharge capacities of 19.93 and 14.72 mAh for the bare Cu and Al2O3-modified Cu respectively. l Coulombic efficiency of cells shown in panel k.
