Fig. 6: Simulated system performance and comparative annual energy savings.

a Commercial zone model for energy simulations, with active south-facing facade. Roof and wall elements were modelled as opaque within the simulation, and appear translucent only for illustration purposes. b Spatial illuminance across model floor space at various fluid injection levels. c, d Renders within model space at various fluid injection levels, where (c) shows RGB-scale render and (d) shows false-color render based on illuminance. e Transmission spectra of available optical states for control algorithm to switch between along south facade for EC window, RS, and fluid cell systems. f Simulated cumulative solar heat gain, representing the sum of direct and diffuse solar ingress, within the model space across the year when clad with the fluid cell, EC window, RS, and static control window. g–i Simulated cumulative heating, cooling, and electric lighting energy usage within the model space across the year when clad with the fluid cell, EC window, RS, and static control window. j Total simulated cumulative energy usage within the model space across the year when clad with the fluid cell, EC window, RS, and static control window.