Fig. 1: Measurement and calculation of transient photo-conductivity (TPC).

a Schematic illustration of the experimental setup and sample structure with in-plane electrodes used in this study. b Photo-induced transient change of conductivity and exponential decay fitting for FACs polycrystalline perovskite thin-films. Photo-conductivity (σPhoto) at t = 0 is extrapolated from the fitted plot to calculate mobility. Inset shows σPhoto decays from the experiment and fitting with various excitation densities (cm−3).