Fig. 4: Evaluation of carrier density invariant lateral mobility of metal halide perovskite.

a Mobility of metal halide perovskite thin-films prepared via different methodologies as a function of free-carrier density (cm−3); CH3NH3PbI3-xClx from dimethyl formamide solvent (DMF route, black line), CH3NH3PbI3 from the acetonitrile solvent with the addition of methylamine (ACN/MA route, red line), CH3NH3PbI3 from DMF as the solvent employing lead-acetate as the lead source precursor with the addition of hypophosphorous acid (HPA) (DMF/HPA route, blue line), FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.9Br0.1)3 (FACs, green line) and (FA0.83MA0.17)0.95Cs0.05Pb(I0.9Br0.1)3 (FAMACs, yellow line). For comparison, we reproduce mobilities of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx (evaporation route) determined through non-contact OPTP (brown dashed line). b Mobility of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) thin single crystals as a function of fluence (photon cm−2). Average mobility of three devices is 45 ± 3 cm2 V−1 s−1 (grey dashed line). The inset illustration shows device structure. All errors shown are statistical errors from four different devices.