Fig. 5: HER performance and stability of subnanometric Ru clusters at large current densities.

a LSV curves of Ru-1.0, commercial Pt/C and carbon paper for HER in 1 M KOH. The Ru-1.0 and commercial Pt/C are supported on the carbon paper with a high mass loading of 1 mg cm−2. b Theoretical and experimental results of H2 generation on the Ru-1.0. c Stability test of Ru-1.0 at the current density of 1000 mA cm−2 for 100 h.