Fig. 2: In situ scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) measurement on hydrogen-precipitate interactions.

a–d Potential maps of precipitate #1 measured at uncharged state and sequential hydrogen-charged states at t = 160 min, 1320 min, 4940 min. e Potential profiles along the yellow dotted line in panels a, d. f–i Potential maps of precipitate #3 measured at uncharged state and sequential hydrogen-charged states at t = 360 min, 1200 min, 4860 min. j Potential profiles along the yellow dotted line in panels f, i. All scale bars, 200 nm.