Fig. 1: HIV Gag p24 persists in germinal centers (GCs) despite early ART initiated in Fiebig stages I/II. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: HIV Gag p24 persists in germinal centers (GCs) despite early ART initiated in Fiebig stages I/II.

From: CD8 lymphocytes mitigate HIV-1 persistence in lymph node follicular helper T cells during hyperacute-treated infection

Fig. 1

a IF images of Gag p24 antigen (yellow) and BCL-6 (green) staining in lymph node (LN) sections and a scatter plot showing CD4+ T cell counts, plasma viral loads and the time of LN excision for a Fiebig I treated (Tx) participant. Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue) and scale bar is 20 μm. b Gag p24 density per GC computed from TissueQuest (TissueGnostics, Vienna) analysis of IF LN sections (HIV negative, n = 2; Fiebig I/II Tx, n = 14), and c correlation analyses of average density of Gag p24 per donor and the treatment duration prior to LN excision. d Representative IF images of Gag p24 antigen (yellow) and BCL-6 (green) staining (scale bar is 50 μm) and e aggregate data from TissueQuest (TissueGnostics, Vienna) analysis of IF LN sections (Fiebig I/II Tx, n = 14; Fiebig III–V Tx, n = 3; late Tx, n = 8; and untreated (unTx), n = 13). Each dot represents the density of Gag p24 per GC and the total number of GCs analyzed per group is displayed. f Comparison of the total percentage area staining for Gag p24 within GCs and outside the GCs (EF) for all donors (n = 36). Three independent experiments were conducted with similar results. Error bars represent interquartile range. Data are presented as median ± interquartile range. All statistical tests are two-sided. Two-tailed p values from Mann–Whitney U test (f) or adjusted p values from Dunn’s multiple comparison’s test (e) are shown. Spearman rho (r) values and p values are reported for correlation analyses (c). Dotted line denotes threshold of detection (b). Source data are provided as a source data file.

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