Fig. 3: Decreased organ size, cell number, and TOR activity in dph1 mutants.

a Photographs of 4-week-old wild-type (WT) and dph1 plants cultivated in soil. b Sixth oldest leaves of the plants as shown in (a). Scale bars, 10 mm (a, b). c–e Leaf area (c), cell area (d), and cell number (e) of the sixth oldest leaves as shown in (b). f Number of leaves of plants as shown in (a). Data are mean ± s.d., n = 5 plants (c,e, f), and a boxplot, n = 272 (WT), n = 287 (dph1-1), and n = 255 (dph1-2) cells from a total of 5 plants (d). g Number of leaves at bolting. Data are mean ± s.d., n = 10 plants, with cultivation in neutral days (12 h light). h Confocal laser scanning microscopic images of PI-stained root meristematic zones of 9-day-old WT and dph1 mutant seedlings cultivated on 0.5× MS medium. Scale bars, 50 μm. Arrows mark the cortex transition zones. i, j Meristem length (i) and meristem cell number (j) of roots as shown in h. Shown are boxplots, n = 12 seedlings per genotype. k Sensitivity to TOR kinase inhibitor. Data are mean ± s.d., n = 10 and 15 seedlings for WT and dph1 mutants, respectively, from day 4 to day 7 of AZD-8055 treatment (Supplementary Fig. 8). l, m TOR activity. Total protein extracts of 14-day-old seedlings grown in liquid 0.5× MS medium with 0.5% (w/v) sucrose were resolved by SDS-PAGE, blotted, and the membrane probed with antibodies against S6K-P and S6K or stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) as a loading control. m S6K-P/S6K ratio. Data are mean ± s.d., n = 4 independent experiments (l and Supplementary Fig. 9). Violin/boxplots show median (center), 1st and 3rd quartile (gray lines/box), minimum and maximum (drawn lines/whiskers) (d, i, j). Significant differences from WT: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA with Games-Howell test). Different characters reflect significant differences between means (two-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, P < 0.05, k).