Fig. 3: Role of supply- and demand-side strategies in net CO2 emissions associated with the cement and concrete cycle in Japan, 2020–2050.

Conventional supply-side strategies are envisioned to enhance the current cement and concrete industry’s efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, while emerging supply-side strategies refer to strategies that are innovative, but could take some time to scale up. Demand-side strategies refer to interventions by systems and actors that use concrete in the built environment. CCU carbon capture and utilization.