Fig. 6: Elevation of F-K1057/1079 levels in patients with T2D.
From: Phenylalanine impairs insulin signaling and inhibits glucose uptake through modification of IRβ
a Phenylalanine levels are elevated in plasma samples from patients with T2D. Phenylalanine levels were measured in plasma samples from patients with T2D (n = 62, red spots, hereafter in this figure) and matched control samples (n = 60, black spots, hereafter in this figure). b Phenylalanine levels are positively associated with HbA1c levels in plasma samples from patients with T2D. Phenylalanine levels in patients with T2D and healthy subjects were plotted against their corresponding HbA1c levels. c F-K1057/1079 levels and insulin signaling are inversely regulated in human WBCs. F-K1057/1079 levels and insulin signaling were detected in human WBCs treated with the indicated levels of phenylalanine in the culture media. d Phe-fed mice have higher F-K1057/1079 levels and lower insulin signaling. F-K1057/1079 levels and insulin signals were detected in Phe-fed and normal chow-fed mice (n = 6). e–h F-K1057/1079 levels are correlated with T2D. F-K1057 (e) and F-K1079 levels (f) were compared between patients with T2D and matched control samples, and F-K1057 (g) and F-K1079 levels (h) were plotted against their corresponding HbA1c levels. i, j SIRT1 protein levels are low in patients with T2D. SIRT1 levels in patients with T2D and healthy subjects were measured (i) and their values were plotted against their corresponding HbA1c levels (j). k, l FARSA protein levels are negligibly altered in patients with T2D. The FARSA levels of patients with T2D and healthy subjects were measured (k), and their values were plotted against their corresponding HbA1c levels (l). Student’s t tests (unpaired, two-tailed) are applied for all statistical analyses in this figure. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Significance was indicated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
