Fig. 4: Blautia wexlerae showed unique characteristics in amino acid metabolism, such as production of S-adenosylmethionine, acetylcholine, and l-ornithine.

A Volcano plot showing LC–MS/MS analysis of B. wexlerae culture supernatant. Red and blue dots indicate metabolites increased and decreased, respectively, by more than fourfold in B. wexlerae culture supernatant compared with fresh medium (n = 4 biologically independent samples). Statistical significance was evaluated by using two-tailed unpaired t-test. B Quantitative measurement by LC–MS/MS of S-adenosylmethionine, acetylcholine, and l-ornithine in fresh medium (none) and culture supernatants of B. wexlerae (Bw) and major intestinal bacteria including Bacteroides vulgatus (Bv), Prevotella copri (Pc), and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) (n = 3, mean ± 1 SD). ND not detected. **P < 0.01 (one-way ANOVA in comparison with none group). C Lipid accumulation was measured by oil red O staining in 3T3L1 adipocytes treated without (none) or with S-adenosylmethionine, acetylcholine, and l-ornithine at the concentration of 1 or 100 µM (n = 3–4, mean ± 1 SD). **P < 0.01 (one-way ANOVA). D Gene expression of S100a8, a chemokine for recruiting macrophages, in 3T3L1 adipocytes treated without (none) or with S-adenosylmethionine, acetylcholine, and l-ornithine at 100 µM (n = 4, mean ± 1 SD). *P = 0.0295 (one-way ANOVA in comparison with none group). Data are representative of two independent experiments (A–D).