Fig. 6: The SEC rapid-response gene ATF3 drives keratinocyte differentiation.

a–c Western blot showing the overexpression (OE) of ATF3, DUSP1, or RND3 in keratinocytes using the pTRIPZ vector post DOX induction. d–f qRT-PCR showing the mRNA expression levels of differentiation-activating TFs with ATF3, DUSP1, or RND3 overexpression (n = 3 technical replicates, data are presented as mean values ± standard deviation). g–j Representative images and quantification of clonogenic assays comparing human keratinocytes expressing ATF3, DUSP1, or RND3 versus the empty-vector control. Colonies >1 mm2 are included for quantification (n = 3/group, ****P < 0.001, **P < 0.05, ns = not significant, ATF3 P < 0.0001, DUSP1 P = 0.3489, RND3 P = 0.0406, two-tailed, unpaired t test, data are presented as mean values ± standard deviation). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.