Fig. 1: Design of soft transport augmenting reservoir (STAR).

a Proposed mechanism of STAR: intermittent actuation attenuates the foreign body response, creating a favourable environment for the rapid long-term transport of macromolecular drug therapy. b Exploded view showing the different layers comprising STAR. c Deflection of the actuation and porous layers during actuation. d A prototype of STAR showing the deflection of the porous layer during an actuation cycle. Scale bar is 5 mm. e FE model showing peri-implant fluid velocity of convective flow during actuation. f FE model estimating maximum principal tissue strain induced by actuation.