Fig. 6: Minimally invasive surgical implantation in a human cadaver model.

a Location of the transversus abdominis plane in the anterior abdominal wall. b Ultrasound guided needle access to the desired tissue intermuscular plane in the anterior abdominal wall and hydro-dissection to generate a potential space (EOM: external oblique muscle, IOM: internal oblique muscle, TAM: transversus abdominis muscle). c The Seldinger technique was used to get needle access to the transversus abdominis plane and a 5 Fr sheath was exchanged over a guide wire to maintain durable access to the tissue plane. d A commercially available dilator set is used to expand the space to accommodate positioning of the deployment sheath. e STAR advancement through sheath into tissue space. f, g An echogenic contrast agent was used to inflate the deployment channel to ensure complete unfolding of the STAR device within the plane using ultrasound guidance.