Fig. 5: Gate tuning of the single-molecule Mizoroki–Heck reaction.

Reaction conditions: 1 mM PhBr, 1 mM styrene and 1 mM DBU in ionic liquid. a Gate-control on/off of the Mizoroki–Heck reaction via applying −2 V/0 V gate voltage (left) and the influence of −2 V gate voltage on the catalytic cycle (right). NHC N-heterocyclic carbene. b Gate-control on/off of the Mizoroki–Heck reaction via applying +2 V/0 V gate voltage (left) and the influence of +2 V gate voltage on the catalytic cycle (right). c The tuning effect of the whole Mizoroki–Heck reaction under different gate voltages. The results were calculated by counting the catalytic cycles in four 5-s intervals (Supplementary Figs. 42–45). The error scales were derived from the statistics of four different devices. d The tuning effect of oxidative addition process (reaction between Pd(0) and bromobenzene) and its reverse process. The error scales were derived from the corresponding single exponential fittings of the dwell times (Supplementary Fig. 40).