Fig. 1: Sampling scheme of B0/W148 strains and phylogeographic expansion patterns in Eurasia.

a Main locations (circled numbers and N ≥ 5) of sampled B0/W148 populations stratified to three principle geographic regions (1 Russian Federation Tuva, 2 Russian Federation central Asia, 3 Kazakhstan, 4 Uzbekistan, 5 Iran, 6 Abkhazia, 7 Russian Federation Samara, 8 Ukraine, 9 Republic of Moldova, 10 Belarus, 11 Lithuania, 12 Estonia, 13 Sweden, 14 Germany). b Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 720 B0/W148 strains, with tips shaded by principle geographic origin. The stars are indicative of two major outbreaks. The exhaustive list of all samples can be found in Supplementary Data 1.