Fig. 6: Land-based regional connectivity drives export risk from Jordan.

A Volume of monthly air passengers traveling from Jordan across 2020 by region (bar, left axis) and percentage of outgoing volume destined for the Middle Eastern region (line, right axis). B Percentage of outgoing air travel to the Middle East by country across 2020. C Outgoing land-based travel by vehicle type for each bordering country across 2020. Time period of land border closure (light blue) annotated. D Dissimilarity between weekly binned lineage frequency profiles as presence-absence of lineages between Jordan and its Middle Eastern neighbors by Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. Bray–Curtis dissimilarity is bound between 0 and 1, with 0 indicating the countries have the same composition and 1 indicates countries do not share any lineages. E Estimated Exportation Intensity Index for 2020. F Contribution of land and air travel to the EII of Jordan’s neighboring countries.