Fig. 1: Shared and sex-specific rsFC abnormalities in a depression-related network.

a, b Color maps representing the neuroanatomical distribution of significant (FDR q < 0.05) F-statistics from 2-way ANOVA for rsFC features connecting 77 default mode network (DMN) nodes and the rest of the brain in n = 371 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 223 women) vs. n = 182 healthy controls (n = 103 women). The neuroanatomical distribution of significant main effects of MDD (a) and MDD-by-sex interactions (b) are summarized for each functional parcel by summing across the significant effects in the 77 DMN nodes and plotting the result on a brain surface and accompanying subcortical image. c, d Summary t-statistics from posthoc t-tests comparing male (c) and female (d) MDD patients vs. healthy controls, summarized by grouping neuroanatomically adjacent Glasser HCPMM1 parcels within each network. Colors in each tile represent the average t-statistic for all rsFC features in a given region that exceed a threshold of p < 0.05 uncorrected. Positive t-statistics denote increased rsFC in MDD. Regions with at least one significant (FDR q < 0.05) MDD effect or MDD-Sex interaction effect in the ANOVA depicted in (a, b) are demarcated with an asterisk. e–g Color maps representing the neuroanatomical distribution of the significant post-hoc t-test results depicted in (c, d), summed as in (a, b). rsFC features that were significantly abnormal in (e) men with depression, g women with depression, or (f) both men and women are plotted separately. White dashed circles denote sex-specific DMN effects discussed in the main text. Black dashed circles denote shared effects discussed in the main text. DMN default mode network, pDMN posterior DMN (precuneus, posterior cingulate), dmPFC dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, vmPFC ventromedial PFC, rACC rostral anterior cingulate, mTG medial temporal gyrus, vlPFC ventrolateral PFC, IPL inferior parietal lobule, PHC parahippocampal cortex, FP fronto-parietal network, dlPFC dorsolateral PFC, TPJ temporo-parietal junction, COP cingulo-opercular network, dACC dorsal anterior cingulate, FEF/SMA frontal eye field/supplementary motor area, DAN dorsal attention network, Lang language network, Subcort subcortical ROIs, PM/VM/OA posterior multimodal, ventral multimodal, orbito-affective networks, SOM somatosensory-moto network, Aud auditory network, Vis visual network.