Fig. 4: Open-air demonstration of the hydrogen generation tower in Dec 2020 Melbourne.

a Photo of the designed hydrogen generation tower featuring scalable DAE modules with minimized footprint. b Hydrogen generation rate and Faradaic efficiency on an hourly basis at corresponding air humidity and temperature for two days under different weather conditions. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. c Comparisons between our work and the top performing solar-driven water/vapor splitting reported by others (see Supplementary Table 2 for more details)14,15,16,17,18,19,20,22.