Fig. 4: Chemo-mechanical simulated stresses in Li and LLZO and demonstrations of high-rate damage-free Li deposition. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Chemo-mechanical simulated stresses in Li and LLZO and demonstrations of high-rate damage-free Li deposition.

From: Visualizing the failure of solid electrolyte under GPa-level interface stress induced by lithium eruption

Fig. 4

a Schematic illustration of the chemo-mechanical model under strong top mechanical constraint. The profile of the cross section illustrates that the model consists of a LLZO plate with a surface pit, an arc-shaped current collector (CC) probe tip (orange), and a thin layer of the plated Li between them (gray). b–c Distributions of the hydrostatic pressure (p) in Li and the maximum principal stress (\({\sigma }_{1}\)) in LLZO at a low deposition rate of 4 mA cm−2. d The maximum p and \({\sigma }_{1}\) values as a function of current density under high-rate deposition. The line marked by the arrow is the theoretical strength value of LLZO. e–f Distributions of p and \({\sigma }_{1}\) at a high deposition rate of 2 A cm−2 (as an example of the high-rate cases). g Fast Li whisker growth induced by a CNT current collector. h Distributions of p with no top constraint corresponding to the fast Li whisker growth. i Fast Li plating inside an amorphous CNT (a-CNT) that serves as a Li host between CC and LLZO. The growth front of Li marked by the yellow arrowhead. j Schematic of Li ions transport along the a-CNT wall and their reduction at the Li deposition front. Scale bars: g 500 nm; i 200 nm.

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