Fig. 3: Fluidic and electronic characteristics of multi-model wireless optofluidic system.

a Schematic diagram of the electrochemical µ-pump actuated by electrolysis reaction. b Relaxation of the film with different thicknesses of gold coatings (0/50/200 nm) following actuation after 2 min of µ-pump activation. c, d Schematic illustrations and photographs of the passive flapper valve with flow from forward and backward directions. In the photos, the red aqueous solution flows through the valve from the forward direction with low resistance, while even under high pumping pressure, the blue aqueous solution is unable to pass. The blue color is from the blue dye diffusion in the top layer. e Burst pressure required for flow through the passive flapper valve from the forward and backward directions. n = 3. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. Backward direction pressure data from three independent samples exceed the upper limit of the instrument used for measurement. f Flow rate as a function of effective current. g Temporal profile of the flow rate when operated at 250 ms frequency and 10% duty cycle. h Flow trajectories at 10 s < t < 20 s of (g); Color denotes the streamwise velocity, u. i Averaged Eulerian velocity contour of (h) at 400 um < x < 500 μm with superimposed vector field. j Angular misalignment effect on power transfer efficiency at the center of the field at 3.81 cm height. k Power distribution of the field at height 3.81 cm with different angular misalignment (0–75°). l Power consumption of four states of the device in the cage with 8W RF power applied on the transmission antenna. Four states include: Low power µC idle state, indicator LED with 1 Hz frequency and 10% duty cycle, blue µ-ILED with 5 Hz frequency and 1% duty cycle and µ-pump activation with 5 Hz frequency and 45% duty cycle. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.