Fig. 5: Optopharmacological control of motor behavior using multilateral optofluidics device.

a Chemical formula showing the photolysis of Rubi-glutamate. b Left, schematic showing voltage clamp recording of a pyramidal neuron in M2 upon photolysis of Rubi-glutamate using 460 nm light stimulation. Right, example of EPSCs evoked by photolysis of Rubi-glutamate (50 µM) Holding potential, −70 mV. NBQX and CPP, 10 µM. Light stimulation, 460 nm, 20 ms pulse width. c Left, schematic showing in vitro photolysis of Rubi-glutamate using optofluidic devices. Concentration of Rubi-glutamate and glutamate were measured by Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy following light stimulation (0–30 min, 460 nm, 20 ms pulse width, 20 Hz frequency). Right, normalized concentration of Rubi-glutamate and glutamate after different duration of photolysis. n = 3 independent experiments. d Schematic showing the experimental design of optopharmacology using Rubi-glutamate in vivo. e Summary data showing the cumulative rotation degrees in mice infused with Rubi-glutamate or PBS, with or without light stimulation. f Summary data showing the ratio of the degrees rotated in left direction over right direction. Two-sided Mann–Whitney test, Stim vs No stim, Rubi-glutamate, p = 0.0303, PBS, p = 0.3829. n = 5 animals in Rubi+stim group, six animals in Rubi only group, and seven animals in PBS groups. Bounds of box show quartiles and median, whiskers show minima and maxima. g Left, schematic showing the two real-time programming logics for phytopharmacology experiments with Rubi-glutamate. Right, summary data showing the cumulative rotation degrees in mice with devices operating with the two different logics. Two-way RM ANOVA, interaction, F (719, 5752) = 1.446, p < 0.0001. n = 5 animals/group. Data represent mean ± SEM, Lines in the box plot show quartiles and median. *p < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.