Fig. 1: Temporal, net changes of cropland and forest from 1900 (unit: Mha).

Panel a–c: cropland; panel d–f: forest; the bar charts indicate the total accumulated areas (b, e) from 1900 and (c, f) from 1980 until the last available year; LUH2-GCB was the latest version of LUH2 data used in Global Carbon Budget assessments projects (LUH2 used in MsTMIP and TRENDY were showed in Supplementary Figs. S7 and S10); Houghton data were derived from Houghton and Nassikas²⁰ and the data in 1900 were interpolated from 1850 and 1950; Liu&Tian and Ramankutty data were derived from the works of Liu and Tian¹⁶ and Ramankutty and Foley¹⁸; the open circles indicate the changes of cropland and forest areas derived from inventory-based benchmark data; details of the benchmark data for cropland and forest were presented in Yu et al.¹¹ and Supplementary Information 1.2 of this study, respectively; error bars: one standard deviation from the mean.