Fig. 2: Preparation and characterization of Ru-WO3−x/CP.

a Schematic illustration showing the procedure to prepare Ru-WO3−x/CP. b XRD patterns of WO3/CP and Ru-WO3−x/CP. c HRTEM image of Ru-WO3−x/CP. d Filtered HRTEM image (using ASBF filter) and the corresponding structural model of Ru nanoparticle marked in c of Ru-WO3−x/CP. The blue spheres represent Ru atoms. e EPR spectra of WO3 and Ru-WO3−x. f Ru 3d5/2 and Ru 3p XPS spectra of Ru-WO3−x/CP. g W 4f and O 1s XPS spectra of Ru-WO3−x/CP.