Fig. 3: Mendelian randomization analysis of CHIP-associated CpGs and CAD risk.

For sets of replicated CpGs associated with CHIP, DNMT3A, and TET2 (y-axis), the odds ratio (x-axis, indicated by filled squares) reflects the change in CAD risk associated with each SD increase in DNAm, with lines representing 95% confidence intervals estimated by GSMR. GSMR analysis was based on published summary statistics (effect estimates) for cis-mQTL39 (N = 32,851) and CAD GWAS41 (N = 547,261). Only exposure CpGs showing causal evidence in the MR analysis (FDR < 0.05 based on P-values from two-sided χ2 test) are presented here; full summary statistics are available in Supplementary Data 7. *”Association with CHIP”: “+” or “-” signs indicate effect directions for associations with CHIP, DNMT3A or TET2 in the meta-EWAS of CHS AA, CHS EA, ARIC AA, and ARIC EA EWAS. #SNP: number of SNPs included in the MR analysis for each CpG.