Table 1 Summary of selected clinical research studies reporting adverse outcomes following transplantation of male donor tissue into female recipients

Corneal transplantation (penetrating keratoplasty)⁴³

The effects of H-Y incompatibility on graft rejection were retrospectively analyzed for n = 229 adult patients

Graft survival was significantly lower in females receiving male corneas compared to all other groups (male to male, female to female, and female to male)

Pediatric heart transplantation³⁹

Orthotopic cardiac allograft rejection was monitored for n = 61 infants and children (12 years old or younger) during the first year post-transplantation

Female recipients of male hearts had significantly more graft rejection episodes at 3 months- and 1 year post-transplantation than all other groups

Adult heart transplantation⁴¹

Rejection episodes following heart transplantation in n = 174 adult patients were monitored at 1 year after heart transplantation

Female recipients of male hearts had significantly lower creatinine clearance and significantly higher rejection episodes; male recipients of female hearts exhibited significantly lower 1-year survival

Liver transplantation⁴⁰

The incidence of graft failure due to chronic rejection was retrospectively analyzed for n = 423 adult consecutive primary liver allograft recipients

Female recipients of male livers showed a significantly increased probability of chronic rejection

Lung transplantation⁴²

Survival, time to acute allograft rejection, and time to development of obliterative bronchiolitis was retrospectively measured in a population of n = 98 adult lung transplant recipients

Female recipients of male donor lungs had a significantly reduced time to obliterative bronchiolitis diagnosis

Kidney transplantation⁴⁶

Kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate), acute rejection, and 5-year graft survival were retrospectively analyzed in n = 230 adult kidney transplant recipients

Female recipients of male transplants had significantly reduced kidney function, significantly higher risk of an acute rejection episode, and significantly worse 5-year graft survival

Kidney transplantation⁴⁵

Rates of graft survival and death-censored graft survival at 1 and 10 years post-transplantation were retrospectively assessed for n = 195,516 adult kidney transplant recipients

Female recipients of male kidneys had significantly increased risk of graft failure in the first year, and between 2 and 10 years, compared to all other groups