Fig. 6: Size is linked to toxicity.

A Upon addition of toxic aggregates, BV2 microglial cells release TNF-α into the culture medium, which is measured in the supernatant. B Liposomes are filled with a Ca²⁺-sensitive dye. Upon incubation with toxic aggregates, Ca²⁺ from the buffer can enter the liposome and cause a fluorescent signal. C TNF-α response from BV2 cells upon 24 h incubation with different sucrose fractions. The data are normalized to the negative control (buffer) and positive control (LPS at 10 ng/mL). Error bars are mean ± SEM from four independent biological replicates. Matched one-way ANOVA with Geisser-Greenhouse correction and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test with a significance level of α = 0.05. Corresponding p-values are 10% vs 20% p = 0.288, 20% vs 30% p = 0.006, 20% vs 40% p = 0.020 and 20% vs 50% p = 0.035. D Ca²⁺-influx for aggregates from each fraction measured by membrane permeability assay. Error bars are mean ± SEM from three independent biological replicates. Matched one-way ANOVA with Geisser-Greenhouse correction and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test with a significance level of α = 0.05. Corresponding p-values are 10% vs 20% p = 0.899, 20% vs 30% p = 0.041, 20% vs 40% p = 0.142 and 20% vs 50% p = 0.008. Each individual colour is representing a distinct sucrose fraction (gray = 10%, orange = 20%, green = 30%, blue = 40%, violet = 50%). The schematics have been created with BioRender.com. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.