Fig. 3: EMIC wave–He+ ion interactions.
From: Simultaneous macroscale and microscale wave–ion interaction in near-earth space plasmas
a The PA-energy spectrogram of ion residual PSDs defined as \({{{{{{\rm{PSD}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\rm{w}}}}}}}/{{{{{{\rm{PSD}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\rm{bg}}}}}}}-1\), where \({{{{{{\rm{PSD}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\rm{bg}}}}}}}\) and \({{{{{{\rm{PSD}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\rm{w}}}}}}}\) represent PSDs just before (20:38:00-20:39:00 UT) and during (20:40:07-20:40:32 UT) the EMIC waves, respectively. FPI burst mode data is used here. b The energy spectra of He+ ions before (black dots) and during (blue dots) the EMIC waves. The curves are used to guide the eyes. The HPCA fast survey mode data is used here. Definitions of the error bars are given in Supplementary Methods, subsection treatment of ion measurements.
