Fig. 5: Geographic structuring of HvYDA1 haplotypes.

a SNP sites within HvYDA1 identified from the whole-exome sequencing data of 440 diverse Hordeum spontaneum (wild barley), H. vulgare cultivar and landrace accessions. Bars indicate exons while orange bars represent the kinase domain. Black triangles indicate noncoding region SNP sites and synonymous SNP sites while red triangles indicate nonsynonymous SNP sites. Haplotypes (HPs) carrying variants causing a loss or gain of potential phosphorylation sites as well as the extra nonsynonymous SNP site carried by HP_25, are noted below. Red letters indicate putative phosphorylation sites. b Median-joining network for HvYDA1 HPs. The HPs are divided into subset A and B, according to haplotypic relatedness. The node sizes are relative to the HP frequency. Bars between two nodes indicate the number of nucleotides within the sequence that differ between HPs. c Landrace HP distributions according to geographical origin. The underlying map was drawn using the R package “rworldmap”. HPs are distinguished by colours and sizes. HPs from subsets A and B in b are represented by dots and triangles, respectively. Accessions carrying HP_25 are framed by dashed lines, while their geographic and climatic information are listed in Supplementary Data 11.