Fig. 2: Qubit layout for implementing two Fermi-Hubbard instances.

(a) 1 × 8 instance, (b) 2 × 4 instance. In each case two qubits are used to encode each site. Operations between qubits in variational layers occur in the following pattern. 1 × 8: blue (FSWAP), red (onsite), blue (FSWAP), red (vert1), green (vert2). 2 × 4: blue (FSWAP), red (onsite), blue (FSWAP), red (horiz + FSWAP), green (vert), red (FSWAP), green (vert). Vertical interaction parameters for 2 × 4 depend on the parity of the row index. Grey circles denote the unused qubits on the 23-qubit Rainbow chip.