Fig. 1: Co-evolution of the Earth system (geosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere) through time.
From: Reconstructing Earth’s atmospheric oxygenation history using machine learning
a Evolution of the geosphere, including the development of the supercontinent cycles1 (Kenorland, Columbia, Rodinia, Gondwana, and Pangea); b Evolution of life within the biosphere77; c Evolution of atmospheric oxygen levels relative to the present atmospheric level10; the blue boxes show a range of atmospheric O2 level inferred from various geological proxy constraints, and the red solid line shows one plausible evolution path of O2 level.
