Table 3 Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses of the associations between previous symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and current symptoms, referent to people never infected
From: Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study
Univariate | Model 1* | Model 2** | Model 3*** | Model 4 **** | Model 5 ***** | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Sensory | ||||||||||||
Change in taste | 5.61 (5.22, 6.03) | <0.001 | 5.47 (5.08, 5.88) | <0.001 | 5.68 (5.28, 6.12) | <0.001 | 5.70 (5.29, 6.13) | <0.001 | 5.68 (5.28, 6.11) | <0.001 | 5.69 (5.28, 6.12) | <0.001 |
Change in smell | 8.85 (8.19, 9.57) | <0.001 | 8.62 (7.97, 9.32) | <0.001 | 8.79 (8.13, 9.51) | <0.001 | 8.79 (8.13, 9.51) | <0.001 | 8.78 (8.11, 9.49) | <0.001 | 8.77 (8.11, 9.49) | <0.001 |
Problems hearing | 1.63 (1.52, 1.74) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.50, 1.72) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.63, 1.87) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.63, 1.87) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.63, 1.87) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.63, 1.87) | <0.001 |
Problems with eyesight | 1.83 (1.73, 1.95) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.71, 1.94) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.86, 2.11) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.87, 2.12) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.86, 2.11) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.87, 2.11) | <0.001 |
Pins and needles | 1.69 (1.61, 1.77) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.55, 1.71) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.71, 1.88) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.71, 1.89) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.71, 1.88) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.71, 1.89) | <0.001 |
Cardiorespiratory | ||||||||||||
Chest pain | 1.96 (1.84, 2.09) | <0.001 | 1.90 (1.78, 2.02) | <0.001 | 2.09 (1.96, 2.22) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.97, 2.23) | <0.001 | 2.09 (1.96, 2.22) | <0.001 | 2.09 (1.96, 2.23) | <0.001 |
Palpitations | 2.37 (2.24, 2.51) | <0.001 | 2.27 (2.14, 2.40) | <0.001 | 2.50 (2.36, 2.66) | <0.001 | 2.51 (2.36, 2.66) | <0.001 | 2.51 (2.36, 2.66) | <0.001 | 2.51 (2.36, 2.66) | <0.001 |
Breathlessness | 2.87 (2.75, 2.98) | <0.001 | 2.87 (2.75, 2.99) | <0.001 | 3.43 (3.28, 3.58) | <0.001 | 3.43 (3.29, 3.58) | <0.001 | 3.43 (3.28, 3.58) | <0.001 | 3.43 (3.29, 3.58) | <0.001 |
Dry cough | 1.54 (1.47, 1.61) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.42, 1.56) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.50, 1.65) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.51, 1.65) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.50, 1.65) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.51, 1.65) | <0.001 |
Cough with phlegm | 1.08 (1.04, 1.13) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) | 0.021 | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.08, 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.08, 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.08, 1.19) | <0.001 |
Gastrointestinal | ||||||||||||
Poor appetite | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) | 0.023 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 0.472 | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.06, 1.21) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) | <0.001 |
Abdominal pain | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 0.657 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.111 | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.121 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.102 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.112 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.101 |
Sickness/vomiting | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.984 | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.055 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.244 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.215 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.229 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.215 |
Diarrhea | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.060 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.666 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) | <0.001 |
Constipation | 1.17 (1.09, 1.25) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.04, 1.19) | 0.001 | 1.23 (1.15, 1.31) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.15, 1.32) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.15, 1.32) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.15, 1.32) | <0.001 |
Musculoskeletal | ||||||||||||
Muscle aches/weakness | 1.65 (1.60, 1.71) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.57, 1.68) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.73, 1.85) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.73, 1.85) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.73, 1.85) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.73, 1.85) | <0.001 |
Joint pain | 1.40 (1.35, 1.46) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.35, 1.45) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.51, 1.63) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.51, 1.63) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.51, 1.63) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.51, 1.63) | <0.001 |
Neurological/mental health | ||||||||||||
Headache | 1.16 (1.12, 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.05, 1.12) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.12, 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.12, 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.12, 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.12, 1.20) | <0.001 |
Anxious/depressed | 1.45 (1.40, 1.51) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.33, 1.43) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.52, 1.64) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.52, 1.64) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.52, 1.64) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.52, 1.64) | <0.001 |
Confused/difficulty concentrating | 2.67 (2.54, 2.81) | <0.001 | 2.59 (2.46, 2.72) | <0.001 | 2.92 (2.77, 3.07) | <0.001 | 2.92 (2.78, 3.07) | <0.001 | 2.92 (2.77, 3.07) | <0.001 | 2.92 (2.78, 3.07) | <0.001 |
Sleep problems | 1.50 (1.45, 1.55) | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.40, 1.50) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.53, 1.64) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.54, 1.65) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.53, 1.64) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.54, 1.64) | <0.001 |
Dizzy/blackouts/fits | 1.50 (1.40, 1.61) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.33, 1.53) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.47, 1.69) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.47, 1.69) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.47, 1.69) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.47, 1.69) | <0.001 |
Balance problems | 1.73 (1.62, 1.84) | <0.001 | 1.72 (1.61, 1.83) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.81, 2.07) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.81, 2.07) | <0.001 | 1.93 (1.81, 2.07) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.81, 2.07) | <0.001 |
Non-specific | ||||||||||||
Tiredness | 1.71 (1.66, 1.76) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.60, 1.69) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.74, 1.85) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.75, 1.85) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.74, 1.85) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.75, 1.85) | <0.001 |
Weight loss | 1.54 (1.39, 1.71) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.36, 1.67) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.47, 1.81) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.47, 1.82) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.47, 1.82) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.47, 1.82) | <0.001 |
Skin rash | 1.41 (1.31, 1.52) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.26, 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.33, 1.55) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.33, 1.55) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.33, 1.55) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.33, 1.55) | <0.001 |
No symptoms now | 0.53 (0.52, 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.54, 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.49, 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.49, 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.49, 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.49, 0.52) | <0.001 |
