Fig. 3: Stability test of intercalated cations.

Number of cations in permeate over the course of washing time for (a) GOMs prepared by membrane intercalation method (X-M-GO) and (b) GOMs prepared by solution intercalation method X-S-GO. The membranes were filtered with DI water and the resulting permeate was analysed by ICP-OES to determine the mass of washed-out cations. Error bars are standard deviations from three permeate samples. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.