Fig. 2: Injection of IL-1α into the CNS of mice induces rapid activation of glial cells, neutrophil infiltration, and loss of mature oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord.

a–d Quantification of the activation marker Fos in astrocytes (Fos⁺Sox9⁺ cells), oligodendrocytes (Fos⁺Olig2⁺CC1⁺), microglia (Fos⁺Iba1⁺), and neurons (Fos⁺NeuN⁺) in the spinal cord of C57BL/6 mice injected with either PBS or rmIL-1α i.c.m. and killed at 1, 4 or 24 h post-injection (n = 6 mice/group). e Quantification of the total number of Ly6G⁺ neutrophils that infiltrated the spinal cord at 4 and 24 h post-injection of PBS or rmIL-1α (n = 3 mice/group). f, g Representative confocal images showing Ly6G (a marker of neutrophils, red) and laminin (a marker of blood vessel basement membranes, green) immunostainings in the spinal cord of C57BL/6 mice injected with either PBS (f) or rmIL-1α (g) at 24 h post-injection. h Quantification of the total number of Olig2⁺CC1⁺ mature oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord white matter of C57BL/6 mice at 4 and 24 h post-i.c.m. injection of either PBS or rmIL-1α (n = 4–5 mice/group: n = 4 PBS 4 h, n = 4 rmIL-1α 4 h, n = 4 PBS 24 h, n = 5 rmIL-1α 24 h). i, j Representative confocal images showing immunostaining for the oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2, red cells), a nuclear marker of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, in the spinal cord of C57BL/6 mice at 24 h post-injection of either PBS (i) or rmIL-1α (j). Data are presented as mean values + /− SEM and statistical significance was determined by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test (a–e, h). Pairwise comparisons and p-values are indicated in the graphs. Scale bars: (f, g, in g) 50 µm, (i, j, in j) 50 µm.